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Article History

Received: 15 February 2024

Accepted: 26 April 2024

First Online: 30 April 2024

Declarations

: Alessio Sarnataro has nothing to disclose. Nunzia Cuomo has nothing to disclose. Cinzia Valeria Russo has nothing to disclose. Antonio Carotenuto received research grants from ALMIRALL, and honoraria from Novartis, Merck, and Biogen. Roberta Lanzillo received personal compensation for speaking or consultancy from Biogen, Teva, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, and Almirall. Marcello Moccia has received research grants from ECTRIMS-MAGNIMS, UK MS Society, and Merck; honoraria from Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. Maria Petracca discloses travel/meeting expenses from Novartis, Roche and Merck, speaking honoraria from HEALTH&LIFE S.r.l., honoraria for consulting services from Biogen and research grants from Baroni Foundation. Vincenzo Brescia Morra received personal compensation for speaking or consultancy from Biogen, Teva, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, and Almirall. Francesco Saccà received public speaking honoraria from Alexion, Argenx, Biogen, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Teva; he also received compensation for Advisory boards or consultation fees from Alexion, Almirall, Argenx, Avexis, Biogen, Forward Pharma, Lexeo Therapeutics, Merk, Novartis, Novatek, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda; he is principal investigator in trials for Alexion, Argenx, Immunovant, Novartis, Prilenia.

: All subjects gave their Informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee.