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Authors
Ashina, Messoud https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0951-5804
Mitsikostas, Dimos D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-3388
Amin, Faisal Mohammad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-3599
Kokturk, Pinar
Schankin, Christoph J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-6098
Sahin, Gurdal
Pozo-Rosich, Patricia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0796-4702
Dorman, Paul J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-3801
Nežádal, Tomáš https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0028-8836
Poole, Anne Christine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-4110
Martins, Isabel Pavão https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9611-7400
Sumelahti, Marja-Liisa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-0483
Ramirez Campos, Verena
Ahn, Andrew H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1780-9300
Akcicek, Hasan
Tassorelli, Cristina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1513-2113
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Copenhagen University
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Article History
Received: 11 March 2025
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
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: The PEARL study protocol was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board in the 11 participating European countries, as required by local law, and all relevant local data protection laws were followed. As PEARL is a non-interventional, prospective study, no study procedures were performed beyond the participants’ care in real-world clinical practice. Informed consent was obtained from all participants as part of the study inclusion criteria; participants agreed for their clinical data to be recorded anonymously and had the right to withdraw their consent at any time during the study.
: Messoud Ashina has received personal fees and declares PI/collaborator in clinical trials for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and institutional research grants from the Lundbeck Foundation, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, Lundbeck, and Novartis. Dimos D. Mitsikostas has received fees and travel grants from Allergan, Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Cefaly, electroCore, Eli Lilly, Genesis Pharma, Merck Serono, Merz, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Specifar, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Faisal Mohammad Amin has received personal fees for lecturing and/or participation in advisory boards from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and research grants from the Lundbeck Foundation. Pinar Kokturk, Verena Ramirez Campos, and Hasan Akcicek are employees and/or shareholders of Teva Pharmaceuticals. Christoph J. Schankin declares consulting, advisory boards, presentations, and travel support from AbbVie, Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Grünenthal, Lundbeck, MindMed, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; part-time employment with Zynnon; and research support from the Baasch-Medicus Foundation, the Eye on Vision Foundation, the German Migraine and Headache Society, the Swiss Heart Foundation, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Visual Snow Initiative, and Visual Snow Syndrome Germany e.V. Gurdal Sahin declares advisory boards and/or PI in clinical trials for AbbVie, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and research support from Vinnova (Sweden’s innovation agency), Lund University, and the Swedish Neurological Association. Patricia Pozo-Rosich declares grant/research support from AbbVie, AGAUR, EraNet NEURON, Instituto Investigacióón Carlos III, MINECO, Novartis, RIS3CAT FEDER, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and consultancy or education for AbbVie, Amgen, Dr. Reddy’s, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Paul J. Dorman declares lecture fees, advisory boards, educational support, and research with AbbVie, electroCore, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Tomáš Nežádal declares consulting, speaking fees, and travel grants from Eli Lilly, Glenmark, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, St. Jude Medical, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and UCB; and advisory boards and PI in clinical trials for AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Novartis, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and UCB. Anne Christine Poole declares advisory boards, clinical studies, and/or lecturing for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Isabel Pavão Martins declares consultancy or education and/or PI in clinical trials for AbbVie, Allergan, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Zambon. Marja-Liisa Sumelahti declares lectures, advisory boards, educational support, and research with AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Andrew H. Ahn is a former employee of Teva Pharmaceuticals. Cristina Tassorelli declares consulting or speaking fees and/or travel grants, advisory boards, symposia, and/or PI/collaboration in clinical trials for AbbVie, Chordate, Dompé, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; PI in clinical trials for AbbVie, Chordate, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and research grants from AbbVie, the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Migraine Research Foundation, and the Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation.
