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Article History

Received: 15 March 2025

Accepted: 29 August 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Neuromed Research Institute (cod. 06–17).

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient(s) to publish this paper.

: The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: A.B. (Antonio Bruno) received honoraria for participation in advisory board from Almirall. A.B. was supported for travel expenses for attending congresses from Biogen. R.Fa. (Roberta Fantozzi) has received consulting fees and honoraria for advisory boards from Biogen Idec, Merck- Serono, Novartis, Roche and TEVA. A.C. received speaking honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, BMS, Almirall, Merck, Sanofi and Lundbeck, and research support from Biogen. E.D. (Ettore Dolcetti) was supported for travel expenses for attending congresses from Novartis, Biogen, Roche and Janssen. He received honoraria for participation in advisory board from Lundbeck. F.B. (Fabio Buttari) acted as Advisory Board members of Teva and Roche and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Merck Serono, Teva, Biogen Idec, Sanofi, and Novartis and non-financial support from Merck Serono, Teva, Biogen Idec, and Sanofi. R.F. (Roberto Furlan) received honoraria for serving on scientific advisory boards or as a speaker from Biogen, Novartis, Roche, and Merck and funding for research from Merck. D.C. (Diego Centonze) is an Advisory Board member of Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. He is also the principal investigator in clinical trials for Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. His preclinical and clinical research was supported by grants from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. A.Bo., G.L., S.D.L., F.A., V.D.C., F.D.V., L.G., G.G., A.F., A.Mu., G.M., M.S.B.: nothing to report.