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Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 27 September 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

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: This position paper does not require formal Health Ethical Approval as it does not report data collected on patients or humans.

: This position paper did not receive any dedicated grant from public agencies, commercial enterprises, or not-for-profit organisations. The meeting of the expert panel on Alzheimer (EPA) held in Florence on 24 January 2025 was organised and fully financed with internal funds of the Italian Society of Neurology (SIN) together with the collaborating scientific societies listed in the manuscript. No industry sponsorship was involved in the planning, drafting, or decision to submit the present work. Alba Rosa Alfano reports no relevant conflicts of interest. Federica Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical and has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Eli Lilly, Roche, Zambon, and Italfarmaco, and editing fees from Elsevier; she received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University & Research, AriSLA, the European Research Council, and the Foundation for Alzheimer’s Research. Antonio Antico reports no conflicts of interest. Alberto Benussi has received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly and Angelini Pharma; he received research grants from Airalzh, Fondazione Cariplo, the Fondation pour la Recherche sur Alzheimer, and the Italian Ministry of University & Research; he is listed as an inventor on issued patents on the use of non-invasive brain stimulation for the differential diagnosis of dementia and to increase cognitive functions in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Giuseppe Bellelli has received research funding from the Italian Ministry of Health and University, and has received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly, PIAM, GSK, Italfarmaco, Nestlé and Damor. Gabriella Bottini reports no conflicts of interest. Marco Bozzali reports no conflicts of interest. Ovidio Brignoli reports no conflicts of interest. Giuseppe Bruno reports no conflicts of interest; he received financial compensation from Eli Lilly for participation on the GERAS advisory board. Annachiara Cagnin has received consulting fees and/or speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly, Biogen, Eisai, Roche, PIAM, Novonordisk and Lundbeck, and research support from the Italian Ministry of Health and Regione Veneto. Sonia Francesca Calloni reports no conflicts of interest. Diego Cecchin reports no conflicts of interest. Marcello Ciaccio reports no conflicts of interest. Sirio Cocozza has served on an Amicus Therapeutics advisory board, has received speaker fees from Sanofi and Amicus Therapeutics, and research funding from the Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. Mirco Cosottini has received a speaker honorarium from GE Healthcare, Ely Lilli, Roche. Diego De Leo has received consulting fees and/or speaker honoraria from Lundbeck, Neopharmed, and PIAM. Andrea Falini reports no conflicts of interest. Lorenzo Gaetani has received honoraria, travel grants, or advisory board fees from Almirall, Biogen, Euroimmun, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens Healthineers, Teva, Fujirebio, and Eli Lilly. Fabio Gotta reports no conflicts of interest. Maria Infantino reports no conflicts of interest. Raffaele Lodi reports no conflicts of interest. Giancarlo Logroscino has served as investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Biogen Pharmaceuticals, Axovant, Alector, Denali, Roche, Eisai, Genentech, Amylyx, PIAM Farmaceutici SpA; he has served as a consultant and has given Lectures for EISAI, Roche, Lilly, Piam Farmaceutici Spa, Biogen. Elena Marcello has received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly and GE Healthcare, advisory board fees from Roche, teaching fees from Eisai; she has received research grants from the Italian Ministry of Research and University, Giovanni Armenise Harvard Foundation, AIRALZH ONLUS, the Italian Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy, Alzheimer Association, Bright Focus Foundation. Camillo Marra has received research support from Novo Nordisk and speaker honoraria from Biogen, Roche, Novo Nordisk, PIAM, and Angelini.Walter Marrocco reports no conflicts of interest. Patrizia Mecocci has received grants/contracts from HORIZON-JU-RIA Program AD-Riddle and Horizon 2020 Lethe, honoraria from PIAM, Angelini, and Epitech, and served on the advisory board of Primus. Enrico Mossello has been principal investigator in Novo Nordisk, Avanir and Eli Lilly trials and has received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly, Johnson and Johnson, and Neuraxpharm. Alessandro Padovani is a consultant and scientific advisory board member for GE Healthcare, Eli Lilly, and Actelion; he has received speaker honoraria from Nutricia, PIAM, Langstone Technology, GE Healthcare, Lilly, UCB Pharma, and Chiesi, and research funding from Nutricia, Roche, GE Healthcare, Eli Lilly, Biogen, Pfizer, Lundbeck, the Italian Ministry of Health, and IMI H2020 initiatives. Lorenzo Palleschi reports no conflicts of interest. Leonardo Pantoni is member of the editorial board of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases, European Stroke Journal, Cerebral Circulation Cognition and Behavior, and associate editor of Neurological Sciences; he has received consultancy fees from Medtronic, PIAM and Amicus. Lucilla Parnetti serves on advisory boards for Fujirebio, IBL, Roche, and Merck and holds collaboration contracts with ADx Neurosciences, Amprion Inc., and Fujirebio. Sandro Sorbi reports no conflicts of interest. Alessandro Tessitore has served as associate editor for European Journal of Neurology, serves on advisory boards for Zambon, Eli Lilly and received speaker honoraria from Lundbeck, AbbVie, Bial, Eli Lilly, TEVA, Zambon, UCB Pharma, and Chiesi, and research funding from the Italian Ministry of Health, and Italian Ministry of University & Research. Andrea Ungar reports no conflicts of interest.