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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 19 October 2025

First Online: 15 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study utilized data from the MIMIC-IV database, which is a publicly available database containing de-identified health-related data. The establishment of the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and BIDMC, and the requirement for individual patient consent was waived due to the retrospective and de-identified nature of the data. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Access to the MIMIC-IV database was granted to the authors after completing the required training and signing a data use agreement (Certification Number: 65328820).

: We declare no competing interests

: During the preparation of this work, we used Deepseek in order to improve the readability and language of the manuscript. After using this tool, we reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.