Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The MIMIC-IV project obtained ethical approval from the Institutional Review Boards at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Patient data were fully anonymized, eliminating the requirement for individual informed consent in this investigation.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.