Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 September 2025

Accepted: 14 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: According to the Act on Medical Research, the guidelines in non-medical research as well as the guidelines of the Research Ethics Committee of the Tampere University, ethical approval is not required for studies involving adults when there is no physical intervention or exposure to exceptionally strong stimuli or sensitive issues.

: As this was a retrospective study with no direct contact to human participants, informed consent was not required.

: KA and IK have nothing to disclose. HK has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on scientific advisory boards, speaking engagements or participation in clinical trials from Merck, Sanofi, Novartis, Roche, Celgene, Jansen, Cilag, Biogen, Sandoz, Argenx and Alexion. HK has also received research funding from the Academy of Finland Strategic Research Council (31213358415) and the State funding for university-level health research, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (9AC042). IR has received a research grant from the Pirkanmaa Regional Fund of The Finnish Cultural Foundation (unrelated to the current work); a consultancy fee from Merck (unrelated to the current work); support for participating in scientific meetings from Merck, Novartis, Sanofi and Teva; and honoraria for lectures, advisory boards or for serving as an investigator in clinical trials from Merck, Neurocenter Finland, Novartis, Sanofi, Takeda and Suomen MS-hoitajat ry (Finnish MS Nurses’ Association).