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Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 24 January 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: The datasets analyzed in this study were obtained from the CHARLS project, which has received ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All CHARLS data are publicly accessible through its official repository.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
