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Authors
Borgo, Riccardo Maria https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9612-4579
Altieri, Manuela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0483-4478
De Rosa, Alessandro Pasquale
Capuano, Rocco
Bisecco, Alvino
Esposito, Fabrizio
Tessitore, Alessandro
d’Ambrosio, Alessandro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-4885
Gallo, Antonio
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
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Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 17 June 2026
Declarations
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: All participants were informed about the study procedures and objectives and provided written consent to participate. The study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethical Local Committee.
: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: R. M. Borgo, M. Altieri, A. De Rosa, R. Capuano, A. d’Ambrosio, F. Esposito have nothing to disclose; A. Bisecco: received speaker’s honoraria and/or compensation for consulting services and for speaking activities from Biogen, Roche, Merck, Celgene, and Genzyme; A. Tessitore: received speaker and consulting fees from Novartis; A. Gallo: received speaker and consulting fees from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, and Teva, and receives research support from Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.
