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Authors
Han, Liyuan
Liu, Jie
Li, Yanhua
Liu, Minglei
Liu, Huimiao
Wu, Jinghua
Gao, Chunyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Science Research Project of Hebei (20231759)
Medical Science Research Project of Hebei (20231759)
Medical Science Research Project of Hebei (20231759)
Medical Science Research Project of Hebei (20231759)
Medical Science Research Project of Hebei (20231759)
Medical Science Research Project of Hebei (20231759)
Medical Science Research Project of Hebei (20231759)
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Article History
Received: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 18 September 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study followed the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration and obtained ethical approval from the Ethical Committee of Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital (Approval Number: 2022-035-01). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the committee also approved the exemption from the requirement for informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
