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Authors
Mangold, Maurin Helen
Kazmierczak, Jennifer
Gerigk, Marlis
Carl, Nicolas
Renner, Luisa Vivienne
Wenk, Maren Juliane
Michel, Maurice Stephan
Kowalewski, Karl-Friedrich
Westhoff, Niklas
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2026
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee II of the Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University (approval number 2025-829-AF 11). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT-5 (OpenAI) for language and spelling review. No content-related analysis, data processing or literature research was conducted using this or any other AI tool. After using this service, the authors carefully reviewed and edited the text as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
Consent to participate: Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for written informed consent was waived.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
