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Authors
Cai, Ruolin
Tu, Yuwang
Xiao, Suli
Wu, Lixuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Xiamen Science and Technology Project (3502Z20244ZD1341)
Foundation of Stomatology Hospital of Xiamen Medical College (2023XKQN0007)
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Article History
Received: 15 August 2024
Accepted: 9 May 2025
First Online: 22 May 2025
Declarations
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: and permission (HS20231208005, dated 08/12/2023) were obtained from the Ethics Committee of Xiamen Medical College. This research was approved by the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians prior to their participation in the study. All procedures complied with the ethical standards and principles outlined in the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were thoroughly informed about the purpose of the research, experimental procedures, and potential implications. They were assured that participation was voluntary, confidentiality of their data would be strictly maintained, and they could withdraw at any stage without consequences. Signed consent forms were retained as part of the study documentation.
: Not applicable.
