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Article History

Received: 14 November 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

: The research followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional guidelines.

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Murcia, Spain (Ref.: 3729/2021), and complied with the standards of the University Dental Clinic of Morales Meseguer Hospital (Murcia, Spain). All donors provided written informed consent for the use of their biological samples. No human interventions were performed, as the study was conducted in vitro.

: Clinical trial number: not applicable.

: Not applicable; no identifiable personal data are included.

: The authors declare no competing interests.