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Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 30 April 2026

First Online: 12 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

: The data included in the research involves individual mobility trajectories. The dataset was collected and delivered by a data provider, namely Ubermedia/Near. It contains mobile phone applications' location data collected from individual devices located outside of the European Union (EU), namely Brazil and New Zealand. The information in the dataset is minimized to spatio-temporal location only, which is adequate for the proposed research. Every record contains coordinates (latitude and longitude), date and time of record collection, and a hashed identifier created either from the Identifier for Advertisers (IDFA) or Android Advertising ID (AAID). No personal information is collected in the data, apart from locations. The median data collection frequency is 10 min. The dataset contains approximately 4.7 million users. The data are collected through "bid streaming" and Software Development Kits (SDKs). Bidstream comes from advertisements within the apps (mostly social apps) and websites, which collect information about the device, such as its location. The method for determining the position of the device is delivered by SDKs and includes a combination of satellite and terrestrial signals. When the user has location services turned off, the location data are not collected. The SDKs must encrypt and protect sensitive users' data and must inform users about privacy policies and data-sharing agreements. All these elements were guaranteed by the data provider. Every user can opt-out. Users must accept and consent to the application terms and conditions, which inform them that location data are collected. The dataset only involves secondary data, and no participants were recruited.