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Authors
Shaninah, Fathi Said Emhemed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2002-7011
Baraka, AbdulRahman M. A. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5777-7694
Noor, Mohd Halim Mohd https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-3270
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education (FRGS/1/2023/ICT02/USM/02/2)
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Revised: 9 November 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
