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Authors
Nakazawa, Nobuhiro
Sakamoto, Takashi
Yamamoto, Hiroyuki
Sano, Akihiko
Sakai, Makoto
Kanaji, Shingo
Kikuchi, Hirotoshi
Ueno, Hideki
Shirabe, Ken
Saeki, Hiroshi
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 22 September 2025
Declarations
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: Takashi Sakamoto and Hiroyuki Yamamoto are affiliated with the Department of Healthcare Quality Assessment at the University of Tokyo, which is a social collaboration department supported by grants from the National Clinical Database, Intuitive Surgical Sarl, Johnson & Johnson K.K., and Nipro Co.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gunma University (Approval No. HS2022-085). As this was a retrospective analysis of anonymized data, the requirement for informed consent was waived in accordance with institutional and national ethical guidelines.
