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Article History

Received: 18 June 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Kim J-W reports research support paid to his institution from Debiopharm, MitoImmune, Pyramid Biosciences, Adlai Nortye, Merck Sharp and Dohme, AstraZeneca, Lilly, and Aslan; participation in a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for MedPacto and Lilly. Park H reports research support paid to her institution from Genentech, Mirati Therapeutics/Bristol Myers Squibbs, Exelixis, AstraZeneca, Tizona, Mersana, Bolt Biotherapeutics, StrataPATH, Chugai, Huaota, D3Bio, Amgen, Idience, Incyte, Pfizer, Alterome, and Yuhan; consulting fees from Merck; honoraria for lectures from Medscape; support for meetings from Amgen and Daiichi Sankyo; and participation in a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Astellas and Daiichi Sankyo. Aguirre AJ reports consulting for Affini-T Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celex Oncology, Curie. Bio, Incyte, Kestrel Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Mirati Therapeutics, Nimbus Therapeutics, Pfizer, Plexium, Quanta Therapeutics, Revolution Medicines, Reactive Biosciences, Riva Therapeutics, Servier Pharmaceuticals, Syros Pharmaceuticals, Taiho Pharmaceuticals, T-knife Therapeutics, Third Rock Ventures, and Ventus Therapeutics; equity in Riva Therapeutics and Kestrel Therapeutics; and research funding from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Deerfield, Inc., Eli Lilly, Mirati Therapeutics, Nimbus Therapeutics, Novartis, Novo Ventures, Revolution Medicines, Syros Pharmaceuticals, and Verastem. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (BA-2112-334-001-02).