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Article History

Received: 13 September 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships, which may be considered potential competing interests: DS reports receiving speaker’s fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd./UCB Japan Co., Ltd.; and institutional research funding from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Astellas Pharma Inc., Incyte Biosciences Japan G.K., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Eisai Co., Ltd. TSatoh reports receiving honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Merck Serono Co., Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Merck & Co., Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., and Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.; and serving in a consulting or advisory role for Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takara Bio Inc., Merck Serono Co., Ltd., and Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. All other authors (Ryohei Kawabata, Toshio Shimokawa, Rika Kizawa, Toru Ishiguro, Hiroki Yukami, Shogen Boku, Toshifumi Yamaguchi, Shunji Endo, Toshimasa Tsujinaka) declare no conflicts of interest.

: All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national), the Japanese Clinical Trials Act, and the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Informed consent for the study, or an equivalent, was obtained from all patients.

: This article does not contain any studies using animal subjects performed by any of the authors.