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Article History

Received: 12 December 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare the following financial interests and personal relationships that could be perceived as potential competing interests. SE has received speaker honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., and Takata Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. NS has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and MSD K.K. MN has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca K.K., Astellas Pharma Inc., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., Nihon Servier Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. HT has received lecture fees from Johnson & Johnson K.K. Medical Company and Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. AY has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and MSD K.K. HS has received grants or contracts from Asahi Kasei Corp., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Kyo Diagnostics Inc., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., and Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., and AstraZeneca K.K. SB has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd. MK has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. YKu has received grants or contracts from Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd.; consulting fees from Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Astellas Pharma Inc.; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Johnson & Johnson K.K., Medtronic Japan Co., Ltd., MC Medical Co., Ltd., and Stryker Japan K.K. TSa has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., and Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. All remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. All patients provided written informed consent.