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Article History

Received: 25 February 2025

Revised: 14 July 2025

Accepted: 6 September 2025

First Online: 20 September 2025

Declarations

: By employing a robust multicenter design, standardized data collection protocols, and rigorous statistical methodologies, this study aimed to provide a nuanced understanding of the impact of cranioplasty timing and material choice on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing reconstructive surgery after decompressive craniectomy.

: This study adhered to the Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects as outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, with the original issuance in 2004 and subsequent revisions in 2008 and 2013. The reporting of our findings complied with the STROCSS (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Cohort Studies in Surgery) guidelines. The study received ethical approval n° IRB00011687 from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the French National Neurosurgery Society (SFNC).

: Not applicable

: This is an observational study and utilized only aggregated patient data, ensuring that no individual patient could be identified. As such, obtaining informed consent was not required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to the content of this manuscript