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Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Revised: 21 September 2025

Accepted: 5 October 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Clinical Ethics Committee of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University.

: The patients’ written consent was not required because this study is a retrospective observational cohort study.

: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: The authors of this work have nothing to disclose.

: Authors Meihua Wang and Jin Hu take full responsibility for the work and conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.

: Not commissioned, externally peer-reviewed.