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Article History

Received: 6 April 2025

Revised: 18 September 2025

Accepted: 10 October 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Declarations

:

: N/A.

: This study protocol received approval from the Ethics Committees of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University (approval number: 2024-KY-211), Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: 2024ZSZY-LL-KY-315), The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (approval number: 2022-KY-0861), and the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (approval number: 2024r298). Given the retrospective nature of the analysis and the anonymization of all patient data without additional interventions or follow-up procedures, the requirement for informed consent was waived in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research team strictly adhered to the Chinese ethical review regulations for human biomedical research and international ethical guidelines to ensure patient privacy and data security. All study data were stored on password-protected secure servers with access restricted to authorized research personnel only. This study received no commercial funding that might constitute a potential conflict of interest.

: Not applicable.

: Due to the study’s retrospective design and the anonymization of patient data, informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee.

: The authors declare no competing interests.