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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Revised: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 8 November 2025

First Online: 29 November 2025

Declarations

:

: not applicable.

: This study was conducted under IRB-approved umbrella protocol exemption for retrospective studies in the orthopedic department:CHART REVIEW UMBRELLA EXEMPTION. Orthopaedic Registry for Departmental Evaluation and Research (ORDER): A Systematic Protocol and Database for Evaluating Clinical Outcomes IRB ID: 2139637-1.

: Dr. Yashar Javidan reports receiving intellectual property royalties, consulting fees, and holding stock or stock options from Alphatec Spine; receiving compensation as a paid presenter or speaker from AOSpine; serving as a paid consultant for Carlsmed and Nuvasive; and holding stock or stock options in Johnson & Johnson and Stryker, in addition to consulting for Stryker. Hania Shahzad and David A Hsiou report no conflicts of interest related to this study.

: Informed consent was waived by the IRB for this retrospective study.

: This study was approved by the UC Davis IRB 2139637-1, Feb 9th 2024. Given the retrospective design and use of de-identified data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the committee. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki).