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Authors
Pacheco-Barrios, Niels
Wadhwa, Aryan
Purohit, Shashvat
Enriquez-Marulanda, Alejandro
Maroufi, S. Farzad
Alwakaa, Omar
RamÃrez-Velandia, Felipe
Mensah, Emmanuel
Granstein, Justin H.
Ogilvy, Christopher S.
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2025
Revised: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 9 November 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), a publicly available, de-identified database. Therefore, institutional review board approval and informed consent were not required. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The NIS database is maintained by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no personal, financial, or institutional interest in any of the drugs, materials, or devices described in this article.
: Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
