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Authors
Kennemer, Austin A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-7153
Gordillo, Alan J.
Shah, Varun S.
Zhou, Xiaofei
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Revised: 4 November 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study is exempt from informed consent. The data reviewed is a secondary analysis of existing data, does not involve intervention or interaction with human subjects, and is de-identified per the de-identification standard defined in Section § 164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section § 164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. This formal determination by a qualified expert refreshed on December 2020.
: Not applicable. This study used only de-identified, aggregated data from the TriNetX Research Network. No individual-level identifiable data or direct human participant involvement occurred.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
