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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Revised: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 7 December 2025

First Online: 3 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research board (IRB) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Our study is a retrospective observational study and not a clinical trial.

: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

: For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: This retrospective study was conducted with institutional review board approval and adhered to ethical standards, prioritizing patient rights and data privacy. However, a significant limitation lies in the use of data from a single institution, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the manuscript does not explicitly address data and methodology sharing for external replication, a crucial aspect of research transparency and reproducibility. Future research should focus on validating these predictive models using external datasets and refining algorithms to enhance accuracy, underscoring a commitment to improving the study’s relevance and practical applicability.