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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Revised: 5 March 2026

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published research. It does not involve the collection, use, or analysis of any new individual-level human data. As such, ethical approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethics Committee was not required. All primary studies included stated that they had obtained the appropriate ethics approval and participant consent according to their respective institutional standards.

: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis based exclusively on previously published data. Therefore, it did not require institutional review board (IRB) approval or informed consent. However, all original studies included in the review reported prior approval by their respective ethics committees and compliance with international ethical standards.

: All authors meet the ICMJE authorship criteria for: (1) substantial contributions to conception, design, acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; (2) drafting or critically revising the manuscript; (3) final approval of the version to be published; and (4) agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript and agree with its submission to Neurocritical Care.

: No new human participants were enrolled in this study. All data were extracted from published articles in which informed consent had already been obtained by the original investigators. Therefore, additional informed consent was not required for this systematic review and meta-analysis.

: This manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by any other journal, in whole or in part. The data and analyses presented are original and derived from independently conducted systematic review and meta-analysis work.

: The authors declare no competing interests.