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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Revised: 21 February 2026

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and reported following STROBE recommendations. The study protocol was approved by Chang Gung Medical Foundation Institutional Review Board with a waiver of informed consent after de-identification of all protected health information (IRB number: 202401214B0, 2024/08/08). This is a retrospective cohort study design but not a clinical trial.

: Chang Gung Medical Foundation Institutional Review Board waived the informed consent to participate and publish after de-identification of all protected health information (IRB number: 202401214B0, 2024/08/08).

: All of the authors declare that they and their children and spouses have no competing financial interests in relation to the medical devices implanted in the present study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.