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Article History

Received: 14 October 2025

Revised: 12 April 2026

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 23 May 2026

Declarations

: All authors meet ICMJE authorship criteria, contributed substantially to the study, revised and approved the final manuscript, and accept accountability for its content.

: Formal ethical approval was not necessary for this study according to applicable state and federal law and institutional guidance, as the research exclusively utilized publicly available information.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve patients, humansubjects recruited for research, intervention, contact with individuals, or access to medical records. The analysis was based exclusively on publicly available professional and institutional information from state medical chamber registries and institutional webpages concerning postgraduate training authorisations and leadership roles. No patient data, private clinical data, or non-public personnel records were accessed. Individual-level information was used only to classify publicly listed training authorisations and was reported in aggregated form. The study therefore did not require informed consent.

: ACLM was formerly a member of DivINe, the Diversity and Inclusion in Neuro-Oncology initiative of the Neuroonkologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (NOA), a professional network focused on diversity, inclusion, and equitable participation in neuro-oncology across Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. No other competing interest are declared.

: Not applicable. This was an observational analysis of publicly available data, with no patient enrollment, prospective assignment, or intervention.