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Authors
Ghaith, Abdul Karim
Kanbar, Karim
Yang, Xinlan
Radwan, Hassan
Amatya, Bibhas
Rios-Zermeno, Jorge
Tang, Linda
Alfonzo-Horowitz, Melanie
Ghaith, Mohamad
Hamadeh, Nadim
Khoury, John Victor Malhab El
Hamouda, Abdelrahman M.
Salem, Mohamed M.
Fox, W. Christopher
Tawk, Rabih
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Article History
Received: 22 March 2026
Revised: 23 May 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
: The study complies with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline. Our institutional review board (IRB) determined it to be exempt.
: This study used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a publicly available, de-identified database. The study complied with HIPAA and followed STROBE reporting guidance. Institutional Review Board approval was not required; our IRB determined the study to be exempt.
: Not applicable because the study used de-identified data and did not involve direct human participant contact.
: It did not require informed consent to use de-identified data.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: None.
