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Article History

Received: 12 March 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Hisateru Yasui reports honoraria from Chugai Pharma, MSD, and Yakult Honsha and research funding (to the institution) from MSD. Masaki Aizawa reports honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb KK, MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical, Medtronic, Taiho Pharmaceutical, and Johnson & Johnson/MedTech. Kensei Yamaguchi reports honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb KK, Eli Lilly Japan KK, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Ono. Akihito Kawazoe reports honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo/UCB Japan, and Eli Lilly and research funding from AstraZeneca (institution) and AbbVie. Hiroki Hara reports honoraria from Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Merck Biopharma, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical, MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho, Takeda, and Yakult and research funding from ALX Oncology, Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, Jazz Pharma, MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical and Taiho. Masahiro Tsuda reports research funding from Toray. Hirokazu Shoji reports honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol Myers Squibb, and research grants from Ono Pharmaceutical and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Naotoshi Sugimoto reports grants from MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Lilly Japan, Daiichi Sankyo, Sumitomo Pharma, Chugai Pharma, BeiGene, Solasia Pharma, Astellas Pharma, and Eisai. Nobuhiro Shibata reports consulting fees for advisory board membership from Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd. and Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.; honoraria from Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Merck Biopharma Co., Ltd., and Bristol Myers Squibb K.K.; and research funding from Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., AstraZeneca K.K., and Eli Lilly Japan KK. Kenji Amagai reports research funding from MSD. Taito Esaki reports research funding from MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical, Chugai, Amgen, ALX Oncology, Seagen, Taiho, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Quintiles, Astellas Amgen Biopharma, Novartis, and Syneos Health. Shigenori Kadowaki reports honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck KGaA, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Bayer, Eisai, and Novartis and research funding from Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho, MSD, Nobel, Janssen, Bayer, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, AbbVie, and AstraZeneca. Shinichi Shiratori is an employee of MSD KK, Tokyo, Japan, and owns stock in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Shirong Han is an employee of MSD KK, Tokyo, Japan, and may hold stock in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Sonal Bordia is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and owns stock in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Kohei Shitara reports receiving personal fees for consulting and advisory roles from Bristol Myers Squibb, Takeda, Ono Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Astellas, Guardant Health Japan, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Zymeworks Biopharmaceuticals, ALX Oncology Inc., Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline KK, HEALIOS KK, Moderna, Inc., and Arcus Biosciences, Inc.; honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Astellas, and AstraZeneca; and research funding from Astellas, Ono Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Chugai, Merck, Amgen, Eisai, PRA Health Sciences, Syneos Health, AstraZeneca, PPD-SNBL KK, and Toray Industries, Inc. Industries, Inc. Yasuhiro Choda and Shiro Iwagami declare no conflicts of interest.

: The data were described, in part, at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (ASCO-GI) annual meeting held virtually January 18–20, 2024.