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Article History

Received: 31 August 2018

Accepted: 17 March 2019

First Online: 6 April 2019

Compliance with ethical standards

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: Yoshitaka Hashimoto received Grants from the Fuji Foundation for Protein Research, outside the submitted work. Michiaki Fukui reports Grants from AstraZeneca plc, Grants from Astellas Pharma Inc., Grants from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Grants from Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Grants from Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Grants from Kyowa Hakko Kirin Company Ltd., Grants from Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Grants from MSD K.K., Grants from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Grants from Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Grants from Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Grants from Sanofi K.K., Grants from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Grants from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., outside the submitted work. The sponsors were not involved in the study design; in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data; in the writing of this manuscript; or in the decision to submit the article for publication. The authors, their immediate families, and any research foundations with which they are affiliated have not received any financial payments or other benefits from any commercial entity related to the subject of this article. The authors declare that although they are affiliated with a department that is supported financially by pharmaceutical company, the authors received no current funding for this study and this does not alter their adherence to all the journal policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors have nothing to disclose.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee at which the studies were conducted and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.