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Article History

Received: 28 January 2020

Accepted: 28 April 2020

First Online: 20 May 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

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: Dr. N. Takahashi reports that he has received grants and personal fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, grants and personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical, grants from Kyowa Hakko Kirin, grants from Astellas Pharma, grants from Chugai Pharmaceutical, grants from Asahi Kasei Pharma, grants from Ono Pharmaceutical, and grants from Eisai Pharmaceuticals, outside of the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: The protocols for animal experimentation described in this paper were previously approved by the animal research committee of Akita University (approval number: a-1-2738). All procedures were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for Animal Experimentation of Akita University. All of the procedures performed in studies involving human participants were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional and/or national research committees (institutional review board approval number: 1026) and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.