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Article History

Received: 24 January 2025

Accepted: 15 July 2025

First Online: 6 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Tomoko Horinouchi reports research funding from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sysmex Corporation, and Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. Kazumoto Iijima reports consulting fees from Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Novartis Japan, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.; research grants from Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. and Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.; honoraria from Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. and Novartis Japan; a patent on the development of antisense nucleotides for exon skipping therapy in Alport syndrome; and serves as an associate editor of Pediatric Nephrology. Kandai Nozu reports lecture fees from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Sanofi S.A., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, and Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; grants from Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. and Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; speakers bureaus from Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Sanofi S.A., Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., and Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.; a patent for developing exon skipping therapy for Alport syndrome patients; and serves as a member of advisory groups for Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Toa Eiyo Ltd., Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., and Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. All remaining authors have nothing to disclose.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board of Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine (IRB approval number: B200376 and 301), as well as with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Comprehensive written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study and/or their guardians for use of residual biopsied kidney samples and patients’ clinical data, before renal biopsy and genetic analysis. Consent for publication was not required, because the study was retrospective and previously stored kidney biopsy specimens were used for staining.