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Authors
He, Shuman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6409-7388
Gao, Zi https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2508-4448
Oleson, Jacob J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-3274
Bruce, Ian C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5169-4538
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01 DC017846)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC022051-01A1)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2024-05888)
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 20 February 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: No AI technology was used to write content, generate data, or create figures.
: The data reported in this study were collected for the projects that were approved by the biomedical Institutional Review Board (IRB) of The Ohio State University (IRB study #: 2018H0344 and 2018N0005; PI: Shuman He). Consent was obtained from all participants included in this study.
