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Authors
Clifford, Royce E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-4336
Johnson, Jacquelyn A.
Mackey, Caroline E.
Mikita, Elizabeth A.
Ryan, Allen F.
Maihofer, Adam X.
Nievergelt, Caroline M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5766-8923
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Rehabilitation Research and Development Service (RX004293-03)
Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Office of Research and Development (BX005920-01)
Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Office of Research and Development (BX006536-01)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The use of MVP individual-level data was conducted under project #MVP039 and #MVP060. MVP is approved by the VA Central IRB, and the projects were also approved by the local VA IRB in San Diego.This research was performed using the UKB Resource under application 40951. UKB has approval from the North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee (MREC) as a Research Tissue Bank (RTB)approval. This approval means that separate ethical approval is waived and that researchers can operate under the RTB approval.
: This manuscript was approved for submission and publication by the MVP Publications Committee.
