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Article History

Received: 19 June 2024

Accepted: 5 February 2025

First Online: 30 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The HILDA Survey commenced in 2001 and since then has been conducted annually following the University of Melbourne’s ethical guidelines. This research project has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of The University of Melbourne. The ethics ID number of the research project (HILDA Survey) is 1647030. This paper uses unit record data from the HILDA conducted by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS). This study did not require ethical approval as the analysis used only de-identified existing unit record data from the HILDA Survey.

: Informed consent to participate in the HILDA Survey was gained through the use of an information letter to all potential respondents. This letter described the voluntary nature of participation in The Survey and outlined that informed consent would be implied when participants agreed to be interviewed. Further, more detailed information about the purposes of the HILDA was sent after the interview to wave 1 respondents (and any new sample members at later waves), along with further information about the way the data are being held, what is being done with the data, and how individuals can, on request (but after undergoing a range of security checks), access that information.

: Moderate to high psychological distress adversely affects a worker's job productivity through increased sickness absence, a higher risk of presenteeism, and greater underemployment.

: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.