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Article History

Received: 2 May 2024

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

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: The authors affirm that this manuscript represents original work and has not been published previously, nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to its submission to this journal. This study complies with all applicable ethical standards. No human participants, personal data, or animal subjects were involved, and therefore formal ethical approval was not required. All data used in this research were obtained from publicly available sources or generated through simulations, and no identifiable or sensitive information is included. The authors declare that they have adhered to the ethical guidelines for research integrity, including honesty, transparency, and accountability in data analysis, model development, and reporting of results. There are no known conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, that could have influenced the research presented in this manuscript. All funding sources supporting this work are clearly acknowledged, and the authors take full responsibility for the content of the paper.

: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest, financial or non-financial, related to the research, authorship, or publication of this manuscript. No author has any personal or professional affiliation that could be perceived as influencing the results or interpretation of the study. All funding sources supporting this work are acknowledged, and none have influenced the study design, analysis, or conclusions.