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Article History

Received: 8 July 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: A primary ethics vote was obtained at the Ethics Committee of the Department of Medicine at the University of Cologne on 2020-06-03 (local ethics ID approval 20-1023-NIS), as the University Hospital Cologne was the leading study site. Where necessary, participating study sites received their local ethics votes at the respective ethics commissions.

: Since documentation was retrospective and anonymized, no signed consent was required from individual patients.

: ME received travel grants from Tillotts. SMWH has received research and travel grants from Astellas, MSD, and Tillotts; research grants from Basilea, Gilead, and 3 M; travel grants from Pfizer, and lecture honoraria from Astellas, MSD, and Tillotts. IWB participated on an advisory board on infection disease treatment in haematology patients by MSD. GB has received research grants from Novartis, honoraria from BMS, Gilead, Jazz, Novartis, Otsuka, and travel grants from Gilead and Jazz. SK has received speaker or consulting fees from BMS, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharma GmbH, AstraZeneca, Janssen Pharmaceutica, GSK, Pentixapharm. OP has no conflicts of interest directly related to this work. OP has received honoraria or travel support from Gilead, Jazz, MSD, Neovii, Novartis, Pfizer and Therakos. He has received research support from Incyte and Priothera. He is member of advisory boards to Equillium Bio, Jazz, Gilead, Novartis, MSD, Omeros, Priothera, Sanofi, Shionogi and SOBI. OP acknowledges the support of José Carreras Leukämie-Stiftung (3R/2019, 23R/2021), Deutsche Krebshilfe (70113519), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (PE 1450/7 − 1, PE 1450/9 − 1, PE 1450/10 − 1) and Stiftung Charité BIH (BIH_PRO_549, Focus Group Vascular Biomedicine). ARR has received grants from DFG Walter Benjamin-Stipendium, unrelated to this work (no support for the present manuscript). DT has received research grants from Gilead Sciences, speaker or consulting fees from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, Jazz, MSD, Noscendo, Novartis, Octapharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, & Tillotts, and travel support from Abbvie, Gilead, Jazz, Medac, & Tillotts. MJGTV has received research grants from 3 M, Astellas Pharma, Biontech, DaVolterra, Evonik, Gilead Sciences, Glycom, Immunic, MaaT Pharma, MSD, Organobalance, Seres Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceutical and speaker or consulting fees from Astellas Pharma, Basilea, Bio-Mérieux, DaVolterra, Farmak International Holding GmbH, Ferring, Gilead Sciences, Immunic AG, MaaT Pharma, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Organobalance, SocraTec R&D GmbH. SK has received speaker or consulting fees from BMS, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Novartis Pharma GmbH, AstraZeneca, Janssen Pharmaceutica, GSK, Pentixapharm. CW has received consulting fees or travel support from Takeda, mundipharma and Jazz Pharmaceuticals and has received a research grant from Takeda. JJV received research grants from MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), University of Bristol, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, German Network University Medicine, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG), European Union, speaker fees from MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Freiburg/Congress and Communication, Academy for Infectious Medicine, University Manchester, German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), Ärztekammer Nordrhein, Ärztekammer Hessen, University Hospital Aachen, Back Bay Strategies, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM), Shionogi, Molecular Health, Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, Janssen, NordForsk, Biontech, APOGEPHA, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Oldenburg, and meeting and travel support from German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University Manchester, German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), University Hospital Aachen, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM), Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK). SMP received travel grants and lecture honoraria from Tillotts. AYC, CH, TSc, and TSt have no conflicts of interest.