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Article History

Received: 11 October 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not require approval from a research ethics committee, as it is based exclusively on the secondary analysis of anonymised administrative data, population and mortality data provided by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE). The data were accessed under a formal research agreement (project BE092-093-2021, Efectos Sociales y Económicos de las Fluctuaciones Intra-anuales en los Eventos Demográficos), and their use is subject to strict confidentiality and statistical secrecy requirements. All data were provided in a de-identified format, and no personally identifiable information was available to the researchers. The analyses were conducted in accordance with applicable data protection regulations, and all results are presented in aggregated form to ensure confidentiality.

: Demographic microdata were provided by INE under reasonable research-oriented request and payment in advance. The estimated raw and smoothed death rates by cause of death, income decile, age and sex are available in the supplementary material. INE is not responsible for the results or the conclusions drawn from the use of its data. The degree of accuracy and reliability of the computations made by the authors is their sole responsibility.

: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.