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Authors
Cesarone, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-4204
Figà-Talamanca, Gianna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7299-4767
Luciani, Francesca https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9260-3223
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi Roma Tre
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 10 June 2026
First Online: 16 July 2026
Declarations
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest: The authors affirm that they have no known financial or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. Additionally, the authors report no non-financial conflicts of interest related to the content of this manuscript.
Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals: This study involved no human participants or animals. All analyses utilized only publicly available or commercially accessible financial market data, excluding any personal or sensitive information.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
Declaration of AI-assisted technologies:: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used Grammarly Premium for language editing, grammar checking, and readability improvement. The authors subsequently reviewed and edited the manuscript as needed and take full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and content of the article.
