Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Nos JP16H06542)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP16K21735)
Jane ja Aatos Erkon Säätiö
Emil Aaltosen Säätiö
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (C): No JP16K00568)
Article History
Received: 8 November 2018
Revised: 15 May 2019
Accepted: 30 May 2019
First Online: 22 June 2019
Compliance with ethical standards
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: The capture survey was conducted under the permission from the Ministry of Environment (Nos. 21-27-0077, 21-28-0087, and 21-29-0131) and Hokkaido Prefecture (Nos. 26-35 and 57), Japan. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.