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Authors
Inoue, Yoichi
Sinun, Waidi
Okanoya, Kazuo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
JSPS KAKENHI (JP25K21984)
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Article History
Received: 16 August 2025
Revised: 4 April 2026
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was purely observational and non-invasive, involving no physical contact with or disturbance to the animals. The research was conducted under the Access Licence (No. JKM/MBS.1000-2/2/1 JLD.1 (240)) issued by the Sabah Biodiversity Centre (SaBC). According to the SaBC guidelines for non-invasive observational research, formal animal ethics committee approval was not required. All procedures followed the ASAB/ABS Guidelines for the Treatment of Animals in Behavioural Research and Teaching.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
