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Article History

Received: 6 November 2023

Revised: 12 October 2024

Accepted: 5 November 2024

First Online: 28 November 2024

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University under approval number 2021–28.

: Informed consent was obtained from the principals, parents, and students at the participating schools. All the participating students were informed of the voluntary and anonymous nature of the study. They could withdraw from the study at any time at their or their parents’ will.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The article used generalized propensity score analysis to examine the relationship between mathematics homework time and mathematics achievement, as well as the optimal homework time that maximizes achievement. It also examines how variables in the self-regulated learning framework contribute to maximizing mathematics achievement with less homework time. This article applied the Carroll model of learning in homework research and provided insights into homework practices.

: The data, materials, and/or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author at yehuiwang@bnu.edu.cn.