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Authors
Huttunen, Ida https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-3287
Upadyaya, Katja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4793-1799
Salmela-Aro, Katariina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-4712
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2024
Revised: 3 March 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2025
First Online: 2 April 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The manuscript is not under evaluation in any other journal, and these findings have not been published previously. The results described in our manuscript have not been published before and their publication has been approved by all the co-authors. Consent from the data provider (OECD) is not required.
: Not applicable because this study uses the data collected by the OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) 2023—Helsinki. Participation was voluntary and consent was obtained from all the participants. For detailed information, please see the OECD technical report and the assessment framework of the OECD study on Social and Emotional Skills on the OECD website.
