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Authors
Cai, Yuyang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0320-4602
Li, Zhuoheng
Yang, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0016-8914
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (24BYY131)
University of Otago
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2025
Revised: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 7 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: The Human Research Ethics Committee at Shanghai University of International Business and Economics approved our study (Code: 2025–001).
: Consent was obtained as participants proceeded with the survey after being informed.
: The authors give their consent to the publication of this manuscript entitled The interplay between long-term orientation and expectancy-value factors in determining Business English proficiency .
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: In the context of Business English education, this study contributes to the limited empirical studies that examined long-term orientation as an individual-level cultural value. It extends current knowledge on the situational factors in affecting learning motivation and learning outcomes.
