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Authors
Neuhaus, Sira https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8619-5870
Grecu, Alyssa L.
Meyer, Juliane
Yotyodying, Sittipan
McElvany, Nele
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Technische Universität Dortmund
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Article History
Received: 21 August 2025
Revised: 11 March 2026
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 9 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: The NEPS study is conducted under the supervision of the German Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (BfDI) and in coordination with the German Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs (KMK) and—in the case of surveys at schools—the Educational Ministries of the respective Federal States. All data collection procedures, instruments and documents were checked by the data protection unit of the Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories (LIfBi). The necessary steps are taken to protect participants’ confidentiality according to national and international regulations of data security. Participation in the NEPS study is voluntary and based on the informed consent of participants. This consent to participate in the NEPS study can be revoked at any time. No reference number is available.
Informed consent: Written informed consent was given by the students and their parents following the Declaration of Helsinki. Moreover, informed consent was also given by the educational institutions to take part in the study. A NEPS data protection officer approved the consent procedure, and participation was voluntary, allowing withdrawal at any time.
Consent for publication: Participants in the NEPS study were not individually sought for separate consent for the publication of scientific findings based on the study data. This is in accordance with the NEPS “informed consent,” which inherently encompasses the scientific use of the data, including the publication of aggregated analysis results. The aggregation of results ensures complete anonymity, exempting the information from general data protection regulation requirements and the need for additional consent from respondents. Therefore, the present study's publication adheres to the consensus for the scientific use of NEPS data.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
