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Article History

Received: 13 July 2025

Accepted: 5 September 2025

First Online: 6 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Ganzhou Hospital of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (No. LW2024015A).

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.I nstitutional review board statement This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ganzhou Municipal Hospital. Ethical approval and compliance: All experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Nantong University, China. The study strictly adhered to the ARRIVE Guidelines and the NIH Guidelines for the Management and Use of Laboratory Animals, and followed the “Replacement, Reduction, and Optimization” (3Rs) principle. All live animals were housed and handled in accordance with AAALAC international accreditation standards to minimize animal suffering. Euthanasia of experimental animals (if applicable) was performed in accordance with the American Veterinary Medical Association AVMA Euthanasia Guidelines. Prior to euthanasia, animals were anesthetized using isoflurane (5% induction, 2% maintenance, administered via inhalation chamber. After confirming deep anesthesia, animals were euthanized by intravenous injection of a lethal dose of pentobarbital (150 mg/kg).

: All animal experiments conformed to the internationally accepted principles for the care and use of laboratory animals.

: The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.