Wirestam, Lina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-8344
Karlsson, Jesper https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7045-146X
Welin, Astrid https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0938-1535
Álvarez-Gómez, Jhonatan Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7799-294X
Wetterö, Jonas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-5490
Sjöwall, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0900-2048
Enocsson, Helena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-2931
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Swedish Rheumatism Association (R-993724)
Swedish Research Council for Medicine and Health (2023-02256)
King Gustaf V’s 80-year Foundation (FAI-2022-0877)
King Gustaf V and Queen Victoria’s Freemasons’ Foundation (2022)
Ulla and Roland Gustafsson Foundation (2023-36)
Region Östergötland ALF (RÖ-981263)
Linköpings Läkaresällskap (2022)
Linköping University
Article History
Received: 27 June 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki with approvals from the Regional Ethical review board in Linköping (Decision no. Dnr M75–08/2008) for SLE and the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Decision no. 2023-03937-01) for HBD.
: Oral and written informed consents were obtained from all patients.