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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 20 December 2025

First Online: 29 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Francesco Massari has received research support and/or honoraria from Advanced Accelerator Applications, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Janssen, Ipsen, Merck, MSD, Pfizer outside the submitted work. Fernando Sabino Marques Monteiro (ORCID: 0000-0002-6621-8251): has received research support provided by MSD and Foundation Medicine. Honoraria from Janssen, Ipsen, BMS, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Astellas and MSD. Travel expenses by Novartis, Bayer, ADIUM, Merck and Johson & Johson. Consulting or Advisory Role from Novartis. Ownership: BIO, Brazilian Information Oncology. All are unrelated to this study. 

: The study protocol was approved on 28 September 2023 by the Ethical Committee of the coordinating center (Marche Region, Italy – no. 2022 39/7875) and by the Institutional Review Boards of participating centers. The study was conducted according to Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research, and the protocol has been designed with the ethical principles laid out in the Declaration of Helsinki on human experimentation. The authors affiliated to Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’, IRCCS, Bari are responsible for the views expressed in this article, which do not necessarily represent the ones of the Institute.

: ‘Informed consent’ for publication was collected for all the patients involved in the study, except for patients who are dead or not reachable, as it is a retrospective study (Garante della Privacy n. 9/2016 in data 15 Dicember 2016).